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The Thirty Years' War is the historiographic name for a number of military conflicts in the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation and Europe in general, which lasted from 1618 to 1648 and affected, to one degree or another, almost all European countries (regions) and states.
The war began with a series of religious clashes between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, and then escalated into a struggle between different forces in Europe against the dominant position of the House of Habsburg. The conflict was the last major religious war in Europe and gave rise to the Westphalian system of international relations.
The war began after the Prague defenestration on May 23, 1618, which marked the beginning of an uprising of the Czech estates against attempts at re-Catholicization by the Bohemian (Czech) king Ferdinand II, who belonged to the House of Habsburg. The ensuing hostilities are divided into four major periods, named after the main opponents of the emperor: Czech-Palatinate, Danish, Swedish and Franco-Swedish. Two attempts to end the conflict - the Peace of Lübeck (1629) and the Peace of Prague (1635) - ended unsuccessfully, because they did not take into account the interests of all directly or indirectly interested parties. Only the All-European Peace Congress of Westphalia (1641-1648) succeeded in this. The Peace of Westphalia on October 24, 1648 fixed a new balance of power between the Holy Roman Emperor and the imperial estates and determined the constitutional framework that operated in the empire until its collapse in 1806. The Republic of the United Provinces of the Netherlands and the Swiss Union became independent states and left the empire.